Wednesday, November 25, 2009

More results!


Figure 1


Figure 2

These figures represent the distribution of scores on the measure of obsessive-compulsive (OC) traits we are using at the Ontario Science Centre, based on a parent reports of their children. The horizontal ("X") axis represents various total scores on the questionnaire which contains multiple items quantifiying different types of OC traits. The vertical ("Y") axis shows how often these scores occur in the population.
The distribution of scores approaches a normal distribution (see blog entry dated September 23, 2009 for an explanation of a normal distribution) but is slightly "skewed" leftward (or downward). However, despite the fact that parents tend to report low scores on this measure, there is still a very wide range of scores and quite a few children with high levels of OC traits.

In Figure 1, the total distribution of scores is illustrated.

In Figure 2, different curves are shown for boys and girls. Boys, shown in blue, are found to have slightly lower scores than girl, shown in red.

Monday, November 16, 2009

Wednesday, October 21, 2009

Basic facts about our participants

As you know, all the data collected so far is anonymous in all cases and there is no possibility that the scientists/researchers or anyone else can link genetic or behavioural data with a particular person. That being said, we are able to determine some characteristics about our participants as a group. For example:




The average age of participants is 10.7 years old








49.11% of participants are male and 50.89% are female - almost even!









155 twin pairs have participated in the study (i.e.: both twins have taken part)

Wednesday, September 23, 2009

Early results!

Our preliminary look at the data shows that we chose our measure of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) traits wisely. The distribution of scores is almost exactly that of a normal distribution.

What is a normal distribution?
A normal distribution is an average distribution of values that, when plotted on a graph, resembles the shape of a bell. Normal distributions generally develop when the sample size or number of observations is very large. Many human characteristics tend to follow a normal distribution, for example, biological measurements such as height, weight, and life span. In a normal distribution, most values fall near the average, with only a small percentage of values falling far above or below the average.

In our sample, the number of participants reporting high levels of ADHD traits and the number of participants reporting low levels of ADHD traits are approximately the same; with the vast majority of participants reporting average levels of ADHD traits.

As you can see from this graph, our data follows a normal distribution. The majority of participants reported average levels of ADHD traits (as seen by the tallest bars in the middle of the graph), while fewer participants reported either high or low levels of ADHD traits (as seen by the shortest bars on both side of the graph).

Preamble before we post our initial findings...

Over the course of the summer, we asked visitors to the Ontario Science Centre to join in a study of the genetics of obsessive, compulsive, and attentional traits.

Visitors were provided information about the risks and benefits of participation before giving written consent.

The data we collected is anonymous in all cases and there is no possibility that the scientists/researchers or anyone else can link genetic or behavioural data with a particular person.

Data was encrypted (given a "secret code" so that it's imcomprehensible to people not authorized to access the data) before being transferred to the Hospital for Sick Children, where analysis is currently taking place.

The project is approved by the Research Ethics Board of the Hospital for Sick Children and is funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Department of Psychiatry, the Hospital for Sick Children, Endowment Fund.

We plan to present the results of data analyses at several scientific meetings and in scientifc journals after peer review. In no case will any specific individuals be identified. The principal investigators of this study are Dr. Russell Schachar, Dr. Paul Arnold, Dr. Jennifer Crosbie and Dr. Andrew Paterson.

Tuesday, September 8, 2009

Where is my spit now?

Did you "spit for science" and now you're wondering where your spit sample is?

All the saliva samples collected so far are now in a lab at the Hospital for Sick Children. Based on the information collected from the questionnaire that parents filled out about their children (or that teens filled out about themselves) we are determining which saliva samples will be included in the first round of DNA extraction.

Box of spit samples



Here are 4 boxes of spit samples. Each box holds 49 samples, and we have over 7000 samples in total. That means we have more than 140 boxes full of spit in our lab!


This spit sample has been in the preservative long enough for a "cell pellet" to form. The pellet is the cream colour mass you see at the bottom of the tube. The lab technician will use a chemical solution to break open each of the cells within the pellet. Once open, DNA can be extracted from each cell.

Recruitment Update

Where do we stand now?
We had a very busy summer at the Ontario Science Centre - in fact, 7024 kids and teens took part in our study! However, as followers of the blog may already know, our goal is to collect behavioural data and saliva samples from 10,000 children and teens.

What are our next steps?
Even though we didn't reach our goal, we're not discouraged. In fact, we will be back at the Science Centre on several dates through the months of September and October in order to collect more data and hopefully reach our goal of 10,000 participants.

When are we back at the Ontario Science Centre?
Spit for Science will be running on the following dates in 2009:
Saturday September 26
Sunday September 27
Saturday October 10
Sunday October 11
Monday October 12
Saturday October 17
Sunday October 18
Saturday October 24
Sunday October 25
Note: On Saturday September 26, the Science Centre is celebrating its 40th birthday -- this means free admission for all visitors

Thursday, August 27, 2009

Interview with a TAG staff member - #3

It's time for our third and final interview with one of the TAG staff members. This time, we are learning from Laura Park what it's like to be involved with the project.

What are you taking in school? What year are you entering?

I am going into the last (4th) year of my undergraduate studies at the University of Toronto, and my program consists of a Psychology and Human Biology Double major with a Physiology minor.

What made you apply to be a research assistant for Spit for Science?

First of all, who doesn’t want to be a part of a team called Spit for Science? More importantly, as a science student, I have always had interest in scientific research, learning about it at school. This research assistant position is an excellent opportunity for a student like me to actually be a part of the real research process and work with other students from different universities who have similar interests.

What is your favourite part of the job?

I love seeing the different reactions from children and parents when we ask for their spit, but my favourite aspect of the job may be the fact that I get the opportunity to fulfill children’s curiosity in science, especially the topic of genes. We get to meet all sorts of personalities; shy kids who would turn around to spit so we won’t be able to see them, or some who are able to fill up the test tube with saliva in one shot. All of this combined with the ethnic diversity of visitors coming to the Ontario Science Centre everyday makes it a fascinating work environment.

Why are you interested in science?

I have always been interested in science because it explains the world around us. Everything we do in a day involves science; what we eat and how our body regulates it, how we cook our food, how we learn at school, how cars work, how the sun rises…..it’s endless. It’s fascinating because science explains all the mechanics behind what we take for granted in our everyday lives. Also, science is interesting because it is such a dynamic field. It is never static; there are always new scientific findings to explore.

What surprising thing have you learned about yourself so far this summer, or what new skill have you learned this summer?

I have always been afraid of giving speeches or presentations in front of a large group of people. However, by giving hot spot presentations about genes and the TAG project at the Ontario Science Centre, I have been able to overcome my stage fear. Also, not having any younger siblings, I didn’t have a lot of opportunities to interact with young children. I was surprised and excited to see my energy and enthusiasm, combined with that of other TAG team members contributing to the project - attracting and recruiting children and adolescents, helping them play the computer game, and encouraging them to salivate in all sorts of ways particularly through vivid descriptions of their favourite food!

Exciting news - over 6000 participants!


We are happy to report that we have had over 6000 kids and teens "Spit for Science!" As always, a big thank you to everyone who has participated so far.

Wednesday, August 26, 2009

Stay tuned for a first look at the data...

Our database manager and the investigators have been busy looking at the survey data collected from participants during the early stages of the study. Check back in the upcoming week or so for a first look at some of the findings!

Thursday, August 13, 2009

Interview with a TAG staff member - #2

As mentioned in an earlier blog posting, we asked several staff members about their experiences working on the Spit for Science project, so that blog readers can learn more about what it's like to be involved in research and science. Our second interview is with Kayla Hamel.

What are you taking in school? What year are you entering?

I am going into 3rd year at McGill University and I'm studying psychology.


What made you apply to be a research assistant for Spit for Science?

I decided to apply for a research assistant position for Spit for Science because I wanted research experience in my field of interest, psychology, and this opportunity seemed especially perfect for me because I love kids!


What is your favourite part of the job?

My favourite part of the job is interacting with children and their families and getting them excited about science!


Why are you interested in science?

I love science because I love to learn about the way things work. Science teaches us so much about the real world and how it all works!


What surprising thing have you learned about yourself so far this summer, or what new skill have you learned this summer?

This job has taught me how to work as part of a team. University teaches you how to work independently, so this job was refreshing in that we worked as a group and all made unique contributions. In the future, I will feel much more comfortable working with new people and as a team player!

Tuesday, August 4, 2009

WOW - over 4000 participants!


We are very happy to report that to date we have had 4013 children and teens take part in our research. Thank you to everyone who has participated, we hope that your experience taking part in a real life science project was an exciting and fun one!

Monday, July 27, 2009

Interview with a TAG staff member - #1

We asked several staff members about their experiences working on the Spit for Science project, so that blog readers can learn more about what it's like to be involved in research and science. Our first interview is with Daniel Chan.


What are you taking in school? What year are you entering?

I majored in Physiology last year, but I have recently switched into a different program known as Interdepartmental Honors in Immunology. It is a broader program that entails aspects of Physiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, which allows me to learn more about various subjects in science instead of focusing on just physiology. I will be entering my 3rd year at McGill come September.


What made you apply to be a research assistant for Spit for Science?

I wanted to learn more about the research process, and be a part of something that can affect a large amount of people. There's also the opportunity to learn and gain experience; in both academic and social aspects. Finally, it is based at the Science Centre. There's so many cool things to do there, fun things that are entertaining, and as well as educational aspects. Since I've been working at the Science Centre, I've actually learned quite a few 'fun facts' about science.


What is your favourite part of the job?

Each day has its moments which make this job amazing. There's actually quite a few that come to mind. For example, there was that feeling of accomplishment on the day the team broke 1000 participants; the Science Centre was about to close and we were still a few people short, so we made a huge effort to find those last few participants in order to break that landmark. There's also those moments that just amaze us, such as that first time a child filled that test tube in a single spit. Another time was the heartwarming incident when a child, at first reluctant to spit despite the allure of the prizes, learned that the research would be used to help children around the world and for that reason he decided to participate in an act of altruism. And this list wouldn't be complete without mentioning the fun times, from the jokes within our group of colleagues to that one time when I assisted in helping one of the kids pull off a whoopee cushion prank on his brother. All in all, I would say my favourite part of this job is the interactions I have with the people who play a role in this project, participants as well as the TAG team. I think we've become quite a cohesive group.

Why are you interested in science?

Science is like trying to solve a gigantic jigsaw puzzle. It seems impossible to know everything, but with every little segment you complete, you get a better idea of what the whole picture looks like. Each piece is so small and can only work in a certain way (like some of the laws in science), but then every piece is related in some way when you take a step back. It makes life much more interesting, when you can look at even the simplest objects and grasp an idea of how inherently complicated they really are. Maybe its the combination of the the vast, incomprehensible nature of science and its simple elegance that I find so appealing. And for me, another positive aspect of science is its applications; we can use what we learn to help people - like the work of researchers and doctors - something I hope I will be doing in the future.


What surprising thing have you learned about yourself so far this summer, or what new skill have you learned this summer?

Well, aside from the newfound expertise in the art of expelling sputum samples from our mouths, I have actually learned quite a bit. I feel like my social skills have grown, it's getting easier to approach and strike up conversations with people I've only just met moments ago. There has been some opportunities for me to learn more about programming and computer functions, as well as times where I can practice thinking quickly in response to an unanticipated situation. And as a team, I think we've all learned how to micromanage large groups of people. When large groups enter our station, we have to ensure participants complete all the tasks while maintaining some type of structure - something I feel we're doing quite well at.

Wednesday, July 22, 2009

What happens to my spit?

Are you wondering what happens to your spit sample after you leave the study? Do you wonder where it goes or how we get DNA from it? If so, you need to check out this great link on the Genetic Science Learning Center website at the University of Utah. Here, in an interactive DNA Extraction Virtual Lab, you can see how DNA gets taken out, or extracted from, saliva samples.

Our procedure is the same as what you will see online, but instead of using saliva collection swabs we had participants spit right into a collection tube.

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/extraction/

After you leave the study, we store your saliva sample with all of the others that we collected that day. Every couple of weeks, we bring all the samples back to a lab at The Hospital for Sick Children and the samples are extracted using the same method shown in the virtual lab!

Monday, July 20, 2009

WOW - over 2000 participants!

As of this morning, we have had 2386 kids and teens take part in our study. A big thank you to everyone who has made our project such a success so far!

Stay tuned for an interview with a TAG staff member about his/her experience as a research assistant on this project.

Monday, July 13, 2009

More media updates

The National on CBC ran a great piece about Spit for Science on July 10.

More pictures from Media Day:


TAG members Kayla and Cynthia on stage giving a "hotspot" presentation for the members of the media and the general public

Dr. Schachar filming a video piece

Participants being photographed and filmed while"spitting for science"


Wednesday, July 8, 2009

The Spit for Science team mascot!

Meet Owen, Dr. Jennifer Crosbie's little guy. As you can see from his t-shirt, he likes to his show support for his mom's research project. While he's too young to "Spit for Science," he's at the perfect age to "drool for science!"



Media launch

On Tuesday July 7, we had the Spit for Science media launch. It was very successful, and we owe a huge thanks to all the families that agreed to be interviewed, photographed, and/or videotaped as part of the media event.


Links to pieces in the media:
Toronto Star article and photo (and Canadian Press video):
http://www.healthzone.ca/health/article/662568

Canadian Press article:
http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5jZE6oksPbUM1BG0OtwreWvQl80Ww

Both articles (as well as video/audio clips from Canadian Press) have been picked up by various other media outlets across Canada.


Also, Global News ran a piece about Spit for Science during their evening broadcast (July 7).

Thank you to all the media outlets who attended.




Monday, July 6, 2009

Interesting links



Did participating in our study make you want to learn more about DNA or genetics? If so, you may be interested in visiting these great sites:


http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour

This link is to the Genetic Science Learning Center website at the University of Utah. Through eye catching animation and clear and concise narration, you will learn about DNA, genes, traits and more. A great site for children and adults.


http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/dna_double_helix/

Play on online game while learning about the structure of DNA on the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Fun for parents and children to play together.

WOW - over 1000 participants!

We are very excited to say that we have had approximately 1200 kids and teens participate in our research! Thank you to everyone who has helped us out so far, and for those of you who haven't made it to the Ontario Science Centre yet, we hope to see you soon! Our study is running every day through the summer until Labour Day, and we are located in the Communications hall.

Friday, June 26, 2009

Photo Update

We have now had over 600 children and teens take part in our research. As you can see by these pictures, being a part of science can be really fun!





A family doing the computer task














David, one of the TAG team members, helping kids "spit for science"








3 participants with their prizes








TAG members Laura and Kayla model their DNA tattoos

Friday, June 19, 2009

Be a part of our research!

Who can participate?
We are looking for children and youth between the ages of 7 - 17 to take part in our exciting research! Our study is located at the Ontario Science Centre, and we are there every day until Labour Day weekend. To date, we have had over 300 kids and teens participate! Help us reach our goal of 10,000 participants by visiting us over the summer.

What's involved?
We ask children to complete a task on the computer, while parents fill out a computerized behavioural questionnaire about their child. After finishing the computer activity, children are asked to "spit for science" by spitting into a small plastic container. The whole process takes only about 20 minutes, and kids and teens who participate get to earn a prize!








Here is a picture of the saliva collection kits we are using -- isn't it amazing to see all the different types of equipment involved in science?!

Thursday, June 11, 2009

Meet the TAG team!


TAG stands for Thoughts, Actions, Genes. Here are some of our energetic TAG team members!

What is Spit for Science all about?

What is the purpose of our research?
We want to improve diagnosis and treatment of behaviour, learning and attention problems in children through research.

We are studying the influence of genetic factors on the way we think (cognition) and act (behaviour). Cognition refers to processes such as memory, attention, and problem solving that influence how we deal with information from the outside world.

In particular, we are interested in looking at commonly experienced repetitive, interfering thoughts and behaviours, as well as attention and activity level, since many children have problems in these areas.


Why do we ask you to Spit for Science?
All genes are made up of DNA, and DNA can be collected from any cells in the body, including cells found in saliva. By looking at differences in the DNA from people with different degrees of a certain behaviour, scientists can work out which genes are related to the behaviour in question.



This is what DNA looks like!